International Congress on
Structural Biochemistry, Stem Cells and Molecular Biology

Structural Biology is related to the part  of molecular biology, biochemistry and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules. Structural biology united with different fields of biology like bioinformatics, protein dynamics, drug design, computational biology, molecular Modeling and protein folding. Structure knowledge is therefore an important step in understanding the function. Large number of macromolecules assemblies have been reconstructed by fitting higher resolution crystal structure of individuals components into lower resolution electron microscopy for reconstruction of entire complex.

Molecular biology branch of biology deals with the molecular basis of studies in biological activity. It deals with the areas of biology and chemistry particularly in the genetics and biochemistry. The most popular techniques used in molecular biology is expression cloning, polymerase chain reaction, gel electrophoresis and antiquated technologies. In the process of central dogma of molecular biology DNA molecules serves as template for either complementary DNA strands during the process of replication or complementary RNA during the process of transcription. And RNA serves as a template for ordering amino acids by ribosomes during protein synthesis.

Structural Bioinformatics is the process of analysing and predicting the structure of biological macromolecule like RNA, DNA and protein etc. Structural Bioinformatics  analysis with various motifs, folds, interactions, functions from computational models. Structural Classification of Protein Database used to classify the protein domains analysed on similarities of structure and amino acid sequence. Structural Classification of Protein Database used to analyse the evolutionary relationship between the proteins interactions. Protein Structure Prediction used to predict the structure of the protein like primary structure, secondary structure and tertiary structure of a protein.

Cancer gene therapy approaches have benefited greatly from the utilization of molecular-based therapeutics. Of these, adenovirus-based interventions hold much promise as a platform for targeted therapeutic delivery to tumours. However, a barrier to this progression is the lack of native adenovirus receptor expression on a variety of cancer types. As such, any adenovirus-based cancer therapy must take into consideration retargeting the vectors non-native cellular surface receptors. Predicated upon the knowledge gained in native adenovirus biology, several strategies to transductionally retarget adenovirus have emerged. Herein, we describe the biological hurdles as well as strategies utilized in adenovirus transduction targeting, covering the progress of both adapter-based and genetic manipulation-based targeting. Additionally, we discuss recent translation of these targeting strategies into a clinical setting.

Proteomics is a promising field in the post-genomic era. Notwithstanding the great advances provided by gene expression process in cancer, the lack of a correlation between gene expression and protein levels has highlighted the need for a proteomic focus on cancer. Although the increasing knowledge regarding cancer biology is a reliable marker to improve diagnosis, prognosis and treatment for cancer patients is not a reality at present. In this review, we address the various considerations regarding proteomics-based studies and their clinical applications on cancer research, highlighting some considerations related to strengths and limitations of proteomics-based studies and its application to clinical practice.

The transcriptome is the group of mRNAs in an organism and the templates for protein synthesis in a manner called translation. The transcriptome reflects the genes which are actively expressed in given moment. Gene expression microarrays degree packaged mRNA as a summary of gene activity in organism. Recent traits have opened new opportunities to utilize transcriptomics and metabolomics for precision medicine. It is now viable to deduce from blood transcriptomics, with fine accuracy, the contribution of immune activation and cell subpopulations.  Transcriptomics and metabolomics can be integrated to provide an extra complete knowledge of the human organic states for precision medicine.

Biotechnology is the application of scientific technique to modify and improve plants, animals and microorganisms to enhance their value. Biotechnology allows for the manipulation, synthesis and eventual creation of genes. Depending on the tools and application on the biotechnology field often overlaps with the molecular biology, bioengineering, biomedical engineering, bioinformatics , biomanufacturing and molecular engineering. Two important techniques developed in modern technology is genetic engineering and chemical engineering. Genetic engineering is the technique of removing, modifying and adding of genes to a DNA molecule in order to change in the information. By changing the information, genetic engineering changes the amount of proteins an organism is capable of producing. Chemical engineering science utilizes mass momentum and energy transfer along with thermodynamics and chemical kinetics to analyse and improve these unit operations.

A stem cell has remarkable potential with the unique ability to develop into specialised cell types in the body. In the future, stem cells may be used to replace cells and tissues that have been damaged and lost due to disease. In many tissues stem cells serves as a sort of internal repair system and divided essentially without a limit to replenish of cells as long as person or animal is still alive. Stem cells are distinguished from other cells by two important characteristics like unspecified cells and experimental conditions. Stem Cells originate from two main sources like adult body tissues and embryos.

Stem cell therapies are the type of cell therapy which the cells are derived from stem cells. Some stem cells therapies that are currently being investigated for their therapeutic potential in the areas such as regenerative medicine. Stem cell therapy used for many developments such as ability of scientist to isolate and culture embryonic stem cells, to create stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer and their use of techniques to analyse induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem cells therapy also used for regenerative treatment models like providing inflammatory effect, homing to damaged tissues and recruiting cells and differentiating into bone, tendon and ligament tissue.

The human body constantly regenerate after damage due to the self-renewing and differentiating properties of its resident stem cells. To recover the damaged tissues and regenerate functional organs, scientific research in the field of regenerative medicine is firmly trying to understand the molecular mechanisms through the regenerative potential of stem cells. Many aspects of the cell-based therapy prevent the use of stem cells to regenerate organs and tissues and the large amount of stem cells is required to senescence process occurs during primary cell expansion. Most of the application in stem cells directed on patients are still under the phase of experimental trials and some other procedures to use in clinical practice as a bone morrow transplantation in Hematology.

Neurodegenerative disorders are defined as the disorders associated with the central nervous system and brain. The contribution of stem cells to cure neurodegenerative disease has been unraveled and explore extensively over the past few years beyond the substitution of the lost neurons, stem cells act as immunomodulators and neuroprotectors. There are four types of neurodegenerative disease described with relatively more evidence in stem cells therapy in Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis compared to Huntington's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Treatment of these diseases done by achieving stem-cell based nerve cell replacement and repair of the central nervous system. Replaced nerve cells differentiate in the analysis of healthy nerve tissue. Stem cell therapy also used characterise the inflammation involved in disease process and delay the propagation of diseases.

Stem cell technology has the potential enhances to understand the applications of human disease and transform the process of drug discovery by providing more relevant biological models for selection of drug. The potential of stem cell technology in disease modelling and drug discovery has been clear to many observation in selection of drug candidates. Most important application in stem cell technology in regenerative medicine and cell therapy mainly focussed on development of human cellular models of drug discovery. As well as in drug screening and drug discovery has several strategies that used to generate such disease models using either embryonic stem cells or patient-specific induced PSCs,  which is creating new modulation in the field of  disease modelling and drug discovery.

Stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine mostly focused in creation of functional body tissues which can be model, repair and replace the damaged body part. Implementation of technologies based on these approaches requires are readily available source of cells for the generation of cells and tissues outside a living organism. Because of their unique capacity to regenerate functional tissue for the lifetime of an organism, stem cells are useful for multiple biotechnological applications. Producing novel cell-based products from stem cells is large, currently there are no effective technologically favourable methodologies for culturing stem cells outside the body, or for reproducibly stimulating them to differentiate into functional cells.